Immigration Biometric Data Exchange Among Asean Member States: Opportunities and Challenges in Legislations

Mohammad Thoriq Bahri

doi:10.30641/kebijakan.2022.V16.433-456

Immigration Biometric Data Exchange Among Asean Member States: Opportunities and Challenges in Legislations

Mohammad Thoriq Bahri

Abstract

Biometric data can be described as data containing human physical characteristics. They can be in the form of fingerprint data, retina scans, and voice recognition. The application of biometrics for immigration purposes reduce the number of terrorism case and illegal migrants in the European Union (EU) territory and the United States. In 2013, biometric data exchange in ASEAN was made possible with the Bali Process Protocol. By a qualitative research methodology, using the CIPP (Context, Input, Process, and Product) analysis, this research attempts to find the legal obstacles as the main barriers in implementing biometric data exchange in the ASEAN region. This study finds that not all ASEAN countries have laws on personal data protection, which affect the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) related to how the biometric data will be retrieved, processed, and managed, as well as the actions required if there is a violation of the law related to the SOP. This study suggests that ASEAN can accommodate the EU’s framework, by using the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) as a single standard in the application of Data Protection regulations for the biometric data exchange system in ASEAN.

Keywords

ASEAN; Bali process; biometric data; data protection; immigration

Full Text:

PDF

References

Access now. Three Years under the EU GDPR: An Implementation Progress Report. Access Now Publication. Vol. 1. Brussels, 2018. https://www.accessnow. org/cms/assets/uploads/2021/05/Three- Years-Under-GDPR-report.pdf.

ASEAN Secretariat. ASEAN Political- Security Community Blueprint. ASEAN Working Paper. ASEAN Political- Security Community Blueprint. Jakarta, 2009. https://asean.org/wp-content/ uploads/2021/03/APSC_BluePrint.pdf.

Bhat, P Ishwara. “Doctrinal Legal Research as a Means of Synthesizing Facts, Thoughts, and Legal Principles.” In Idea and Methods of Legal Research, 88–91. Oxford University Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/ oso/9780199493098.003.0005.

Castelli, Francesco. “Drivers of Migration: Why Do People Move?” Journal of Travel Medicine 25, no. 1 (2018): 1–7.

Choi, Tyler. “Biometrics Secure UNHCR Direct Cash Payments to Ukrainian Refugees.” Biometric Update Series. Last modified 2022. Accessed September 2, 2022. https://www.biometricupdate. com/202204/biometrics-secure-unhcr- direct-cash-payments-to-ukrainian- refugees.

Delgado, J.M. “Use of Biometrics within Sub- Saharan Refugee Communities.” The Institute for Defense Anayses (2013).

Department of Home Affairs, Australia Government. “Summary Breakdown of International Capacity Building Administered Program Expenditure.” Portfolio Budget Statement for Financial years 2016‐17 to 2018‐19 1, no. 1 (2018):

–26.

EURODAC. Eurodac 2020 Statistics Report Series. Geneva, 2021.

Farraj, Achraf. “Refugees and the Biometric Future : The Impact of Biometrics On.”

Columbia Human Rights Law Review 42, no. 1 (2011): 891–941.

Fernández-Huertas Moraga, Jesús, and Hillel Rapoport. “Tradable Refugee-Admission Quotas and EU Asylum Policy.” CESifo Economic Studies 61, no. 3–4 (2015):

–672.

Firdaus, Insan. “Implementation of Regulatory Policy in Government Agency.” Jurnal Ilmiah Kebijakan Hukum 14, no. 1 (2020):

–90.

———. “Implementation of the Clearance Settlement System for International Arrival and Departures of Immigration Juanda Surabaya.” Jurnal Ilmiah Kebijakan Hukum 14, no. 1 (2020): 75–

First, Human Rights. “Human Trafficking by the Numbers.” Human Rights First Trafficking by Number Report 2017. Accessed June 17, 2022. https://www. humanrightsfirst.org/resource/human- trafficking-numbers.

Gassauer, Georg. “The European Refugee Response : Lessons Learnt from the EU Turkey Statement” (2018): 1–17.

H. Simatupang, Taufik. “Analisa Yuridis Peralihan Tempat Pemeriksaan Imigrasi Bandar Udara Internasional Halim Perdana Kusuma Ke Dalam Wilayah Kerja Kantor Imigrasi Kelas I Khusus Jakarta Selatan.” Jurnal Ilmiah Kebijakan Hukum 10, no. 2 (2016): 131–140.

Hakan, Karatas, and Fer Seval. “CIPP Evaluation Model Scale: Development, Reliability and Validity.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 15 (2011):

–599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.

sbspro.2011.03.146.

Hlásny, Vladimír, and Jung Byung Joon. “Political Migration of Korean Activists through Czechoslovakia in the Post- World War II Period.” Seoul Journal of Korean Studies 30, no. 1 (2017): 31–70.

Indriani, Masitoh, and Amira Paripurna. “Biometric Data Sharing in Addressing Irregular Migration and Security Issues

within The Bali Process Framework for Indonesia and ASEAN Member States.” Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights 4, no. 2 (2020): 449.

International Organization for Migrants (IOM). “World Migration Report 2022.” Geneva, 2021. Last modified 2021. Accessed

September 2, 2022. https://publications. iom.int/es/node/3171.

IOM. IOM and Biometrics Report Series.

Geneva, 2018.

Jamilus. “Analisis Fungsi Dan Manfaat WTO Bagi Negara Berkembang ( Khususnya Indonesia ) ( Analysis Of The Function And Benefits Of WTO For Developing Countries ( Especially Indonesia )).” Jurnal Ilmiah Kebijakan Hukum 11, no. 2 (2017): 205–225. https://ejournal. balitbangham.go.id/index.php/kebijakan/ article/view/271.

Jones, Chris. “Analysis 11 Years of Eurodac.”

Statewatch, no. January (2014).

Kadaruddin, Slamet Sampurno Soewondo. “Problem Analysis of Working Refugees in Makassar City.” Jurnal Ilmiah Kebijakan Hukum 14, no. 1 (2020): 75–90.

Kaharuddin, K, and R Rusli. “Evaluasi Program Dana Desa.” Forum Ekonomi 23, no. 4 (2021): 623–631.

Kasim, Kabir O., Scott R. Winter, Dahai Liu, Joseph R. Keebler, and Tyler B. Spence. “Passengers’ Perceptions on the Use of Biometrics at Airports: A Statistical Model of the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior.” Journal of Technology in Society 67, no. August (2021): 101806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. techsoc.2021.101806.

Kaurin, Dragana. “Data Protection and Digital Agency for Refugees.” World Refugee Council Research Paper, no. 12 (2019):

–21.

Khan, Nimra, and Marina Efthymiou. “The Use of Biometric Technology at Airports: The Case of Customs and Border Protection (CBP).” International Journal of Information Management Data

Insights 1, no. 2 (2021): 100049. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2021.100049.

Kusumawardani, Desinta Wahyu. “Menjaga Pintu Gerbang Negara Melalui Pembatasan Kunjungan Warga Negara Asing Dalam Mencegah Penyebaran COVID-19.” Jurnal Ilmiah Kebijakan Hukum 14, no. 3 (2020): 517.

Lodinová, Anna. “Application of Biometrics as a Means of Refugee Registration: Focusing on UNHCR’s Strategy.” Development, Environment and Foresight 2, no. 2 (2016): 91–100.

Moghaddam, Fathali M. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Political Behavior. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Political Behavior, 2017.

Mokhtarzadegan, Maryam, Mitra Amini, Farnaz Takmil, Mohammad Adamiat, and Pooneh Sarveravan. “Inservice Trainings for Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Employees: Effectiveness Assessment by Using the CIPP Model.” Journal of advances in medical education & professionalism 3, no. 2 (2015): 77–83.

Mulyana, Yusep. “Efforts of Counterfeiting Criminal Acts Passport Identity.” International Journal for Educational and Vocational Studies 2, no. 8 (2020):

–696.

Nugroho, Trisapto Wahyu Agung. “Optimalisasi Peran Timpora Pasca Berlakunya Peraturan Presiden Nomor

Tahun 2016 Tentang Bebas Visa Kunjungan.” Jurnal Ilmiah Kebijakan Hukum 11, no. 3 (2017): 263–285.

OECD. “International Migration Outlook : Annual Report.” International Migration Reports Series. Last modified October 3, 2006. Accessed September

, 2022. http://www.amazon.de/ dp/9264086013%5Cnhttp://en.istat.it/ istat/eventi/2006/ocse/ocse_migration_ report_2006.pdf.

Office, The Bali Process Regional Support. Policy Framework for the Regional Biometric Data Exchange Solution.

Jakarta: Regional Support Office The Bali Process, 2011.

Paragi, Beata, and Ahmad Altamimi. “Caring Control or Controlling Care? Double Bind Facilitated by Biometrics between UNHCR and Syrian Refugees in Jordan.” Journal of Society and Economy 1, no. 1 (2022): 1–26.

Park, Sungjin, Jihye Lee, Seungjin Ryu, and Kyu S. Hahn. “The Network of Celebrity Politics: Political Implications of Celebrity Following on Twitter.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 659, no. 1 (May 15,

: 246–258.

Pramana, Gede Maha Aditya, Intan Nurkumalawati, and Ridwan Arifin. “Policy Evaluation on Immigration Electronic Stamp, Biometric Data, And Autogate Machines in The Context of Geopolitics.” Jurnal Ilmiah Kebijakan Hukum 16, no. 1 (2022): 41–60.

Qoyyim, Al Hafizh Ibnu. “Overview of Sabang Class II Checkpoint Immigration Office Authority of Foreign Ship and Solution Effort.” Jurnal Ilmiah Kebijakan Hukum 16, no. 2 (2022): 253.

Ritchie, Hannah, Joe Hasell, Edouard Mathieu, Cameron Appel, and Max Roser. “Terrorism.” Our World In Data. Last modified 2022. Accessed September 2, 2022. https://ourworldindata.org/ terrorism.

Sinaga, Edward James. “Standardisasi Bangunan Kantor Imigrasi Kelas I Sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Pelayanan Publik.” Jurnal Ilmiah Kebijakan Hukum 10, no. 1 (2016): 87–103.

STATEMENT, CO-CHAIRS’. “Sixth Ministerial Conference of the Bali Process on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and Related Transnational Crime,” no. November 2015 (2016): 29–30.

Strąk, Katarzyna. “Eurodac As an Instrument of the Eu Return Policy.” Polish Review of International and European Law 7, no. 1 (2019): 41–56.

Stufflebeam, Daniel L., and William J. Webster. “An Analysis of Alternative Approaches to Evaluation.” Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 2, no. 3 (1980): 5–20.

The U.S. Department of State. “2021 Trafficking in Persons Report: UAE.” The

U.S. Department of State (2021): 1–17.

UNODC. “Guidelines for Information Sharing to Address People Smuggling , Trafficking in Persons and Related Transnational Crime.” UNODC Publication Reports 1, no. 3 (2018): 1–104.

Urbański, Mariusz. “Comparing Push and Pull Factors Affecting Migration.” Economies 10, no. 1 (2022).

World Bank Group. “Migration and Development Brief Note -35 : Recovery COVID-19 Crisis Through a Migration Lens.” Migration and development brief Note -35, no. 35 (2021): 53–54.

World Health Organisation. WHO Evaluation Practice Handbook. Geneva, 2013. http:// www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/96311.

Yusuf, Binti Wirastiani, Bambang Ismanto, and Wasitohadi. “Evaluasi Program Indonesia Pintar Dalam Peningkatan Akses Pendidikan Di Sekolah Menengah Pertama.” Kelola Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan 6, no. 1 (2019): 44–53.

Article Metric

Abstract this article has been read : 4368 times
PDF file viewed/downloaded : 695 times

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30641/kebijakan.2022.V16.433-456