Juridical Analysis of Obligations to Fulfill Human Rights  in the Business Practices of Oil Palm Plantation

Pardomuan Gultom; Rumainur Rumainur

doi:10.30641/ham.2022.13.305-332

Juridical Analysis of Obligations to Fulfill Human Rights in the Business Practices of Oil Palm Plantation

Pardomuan Gultom, Rumainur Rumainur

Abstract

Human rights are natural rights inherent in every human being. In the classical human rights paradigm, the state is considered the main actor carrying out obligations to fulfill human rights as stated in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). However, with the emergence of factsregarding the impact of the company’s presence in a number of human rights violations, both domestic and multinational, there has been a discourse on the importance of non-state actors to be drawn as stakeholders in the human rights regime through the UNGP Principles in 2011. Agrarian conflicts as a result of the presence of oil palm plantations become a separate problem for business entities in the fulfillment of human rights, especially ESC rights, as a manifestation of the implementation of social and environmental responsibility norms. The method used in this research is normative legal research with a statute approach and a conceptual approach. This study aims to provide a juridical understanding that oil palm plantations as non-state actors also carry out obligations in fulfilling human rights.

Keywords

human rights; social and environmental responsibility; business and human rights; oil palm plantations.

Full Text:

PDF (Bahasa Indonesia)

References

(KPA), Konsorsium Pembaruan Agraria. “Catatan Akhir Tahun 2018.” Jakarta, 2018.

(OHCHR), The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Resolution 8/7.” Mandate of the Special Representative of the Secretary General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises. Geneva: OHCHR, 2007. Last modified 2007. Accessed June 4, 2022. https://ap.ohchr.org/documents/E/HRC/resolutions/A_HRC_RES_8_7.pdf.

Afrizal. Sosiologi Konflik Agraria; Protes-Protes Agraria Dalam Masyarakat Indonesia Kontemporer. Padang: Andalas University Press, 2006.

Afrizal, and Edi Indrizal. Manajemen Konflik Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit: Panduan Mekanisme Berdasarkan FPIC (Free And Prior Informed Consent) Alih Fungsi Tanah Ulayat Untuk Pembangunan Guna Meminimalisasi Konflik. Padang: Andalas University Press, 2010.

Agraria, Konsorsium Pembaruan. Catatan Akhir Tahun 2019 Dari Aceh Sampai Papua: Urgensi Penyelesaian Konflik Struktural Dan Jalan Pembaruan Agraria Ke Depan. Jakarta, 2020.

Ahsinin, Adzkar, Heribertus Jaka Triyana, Ratna Juwita, Rehulina Tarigan, and Wahyu Wagiman. Relasi Bisnis Dan Hak Asasi Manusia Konteks Dan Perspektif Hukum Di Indonesia. Edited by Adzkar Ahsinin, Heribertus Jaka Triyana, Ratna Juwita, Rehulina Tarigan, and Wahyu Wagiman. Jakarta-Yogyakarta: ELSAM & FH UGM, 2016.

AMAN, Human Rights Watch &. “‘Kehilangan Hutan Berarti Kehilangan Segalanya’, Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Dan Pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia Di Indonesia.” Human Rights Watch & AMAN, 2019. Last modified 2019. Accessed June 13, 2022. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/indonesia0919ind_web.pdf.

Aprita, Serlika, and Hj. Yonani Hasyim. Hukum Dan Hak Asasi Manusia. Bogor: Mitra Wacana Media, 2020.

Aryani, Nyoman Mas, and Bagus Hermanto. “Gagasan Pengaturan Yang Ideal Penyelesaian Yudisial Maupun Ekstrayudisial Pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia 15, no. 4 (2018): 369–383.

Assembly, UN General. “International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.” Last modified 1976. Accessed June 27, 2022. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/cescr.pdf.

Asshiddiqie, Jimly. Demokrasi Dan Hak Asasi Manusia. Jakarta, 2005.

———. Hukum Tata Negara Dan Pilar–Pilar Demokrasi. Jakarta: Konstitusi Press, 2005.

Bahar, Saafroedin. Konteks Kenegaraan Hak Asasi Manusia. Jakarta: Rouledge Curzon, 2002.

Bangun, Budi Hermawan. “Perbandingan Sistem Dan Mekanisme HAM Negara-Negara Anggota Asean: Tinjauan Konstitusi Dan Kelembagaan.” Jurnal HAM 10, no. 1 (2019): 99.

Banjarani, Desia Rakhma, and Ricco Andreas. “Perlindungan Dan Akses Hak Pekerja Wanita Di Indonesia: Telaah Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 Tentang Ketenagakerjaan Atas Konvensi ILO.” Jurnal HAM 10, no. 1 (2019): 115.

Betty Tiominar. Perkebunan Dan Kemiskinan Kisah Sebuah Kampung Di Kawasan Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit. Colchester, 2011. https://www.downtoearth-indonesia.org/sites/downtoearth-indonesia.org/files/Plantations and poverty-ind.pdf.

Černič, Jernej Letnar. “Corporate Human Rights Obligations under Stabilization Clauses.” German Law Journal 11, no. 2 (2010): 210–229.

Colchester, Marcus, Norman Jiwan, Martua Sirait, Asep Yunan Firdaus, A Surambo, and Herbert Pane. “Promised Land: Palm Oil and Land Acquisition in Indonesia - Implications for Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples.” Bogor: Forest Peoples Programme dan Sawit Watch, 2006. Last modified 2006. Accessed June 4, 2022. http://apps.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/Publications/PDFS/B14803.pdf.

Courier, UNESCO. “The UNESCO Courier: A Window Open on The World.” UNESCO Courier. Last modified 1977. Accessed June 3, 2022. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000048063.

Danielsen, Dan. “Situating Human Rights Approaches to Corporate Accountability in the Political Economy of Supply Chain Capitalism.” Edited by D. Brinks, J. Dehm, and K. Engle. Power to the People?: Private Regulatory Initiatives, Human Rights and Supply Chain Capitalism. Penn Press, 2020. Last modified 2020. Accessed June 13, 2022. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3654582.

Ditjenbun. “Rencana Strategis Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia 2020-2024.” Jakarta: Kementerian Pertanian RI, 2020. Last modified 2020. Accessed June 4, 2022. https://ditjenbun-ppid.pertanian.go.id/doc/16/RENSTRA_Ditjen Perkebunan 2020-2024.pdf.

Elsam. “Pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia Di Kawasan Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit PT PP Lonsum Tbk-Sumatera Utara.” Edited by Eddie Sius Riyadi. Jakarta: Elsam, 2010. Last modified 2010. Accessed June 4, 2022. https://perpustakaan.elsam.or.id/index.php?p=fstream&fid=282&bid=12941.

Fajar, Mukti. Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan Indonesia (Studi Tentang Penerapan Ketentuan CSR Pada Perusahaan Multinasional, Swasta Nasional Dan BUMN Di Indonesia). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2013.

Favotto, Alvise, and Kelly Kollman. “When Rights Enter the CSR Field: British Firms’ Engagement with Human Rights and the UN Guiding Principles.” Human Rights Review. Human Rights Review, 2022. Last modified 2022. Accessed June 9, 2022. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12142-020-00614-w.pdf.

Firdaus. Tanggung Jawab Sosial Dan Lingkungan Perseroan Terbatas Terhadap Hak Asasi Manusia (Studi Tentang Tanggung Jawab Sosial Dan Lingkungan Perusahaan Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Terhadap Hak Ekonomi Dan Sosial Masyarakat Lokal Kabupaten Kampar Propinsi Riau). Yogyakarta: Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2013.

HAM, Komnas. Standar Norma Dan Pengaturan Nomor 7 Tentang Hak Asasi Manusia Atas Tanah Dan Sumber Daya Alam. Komnas HAM. Jakarta: Komnas HAM, 2021.

Hamm, Brigitte. “The Struggle for Legitimacy in Business and Human Rights Regulation—a Consideration of the Processes Leading to the UN Guiding Principles and an International Treaty.” Human Rights Review. Human Rights Review, 2022. Last modified 2022. Accessed June 9, 2022. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12142-020-00612-y.pdf.

Harahap, A. Bazar, and Nawangsih Sutardi. Hak Asasi Manusia Dan Hukumnya. Jakarta: Perhimpunan Cendekiawan Independen Republik Indonesia (Pecirindo), 2007.

Harimurti, D, Hariyadi, and E Noor. “Analisis Sumber Utama Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Pada Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Dengan Pendekatan Life Cycle Assessment.” Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam Dan Lingkungan. Last modified 2019. Accessed June 4, 2022. http://www.bkpsl.org/ojswp/index.php/jplb/article/download/54/45.

Hasani, Ismail. Dinamika Perlindungan Hak Konstitusional Warga : Mahkamah Konstitusi Sebagai Mekanisme Nasional Baru Pemajuan Dan Perlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia : 10 Tahun Mahkamah Konstitusi RI. Edited by Ismail Hasani. Jakarta: Pustaka Masyarakat Setara, 2013.

Herwati, Siti Rakhma Mary. “Mereview Dan Merancang Kebijakan SDA Di Indonesia.” Jakarta, 2020. Last modified 2020. Accessed June 4, 2022. https://pukatkorupsi.ugm.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/sites/966/2020/05/Rahma-YLBHI_ppt-diskusi-UGM2.pdf.

Hutabarat, Sakti. “Evaluasi Investasi Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Pola Pir Di Desa Gading Sari Kecamatan Tapung Kabupaten Kampar.” Jurnal Sorot 6, no. 1 (2011): 15. https://sorot.ejournal.unri.ac.id/index.php/JS/article/download/1998/1966.

Ibrahim, Johnny. Teori Dan Metode Penelitian Hukum Normatif. Malang: Bayumedia Publishing, 2005.

Jayani, Dwi Hadya. “Sebaran Perusahaan Kelapa Sawit Milik Pemerintah Di Berbagai Provinsi Pada 2020.” Databoks. Last modified 2021. Accessed June 4, 2022. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2021/12/08/sebaran-perusahaan-kelapa-sawit-milik-pemerintah-di-berbagai-provinsi-pada-2020.

Joseph, Sarah. “Corporations, Human Rights and International Law.” Yogyakarta, 2008. Last modified 2008. Accessed June 3, 2022. http://e-pushamuii.org/files.php?type=pdf&id=216.

Kasim, Ifdhal. “Hak-Hak Ekonomi, Sosial Dan Budaya: Menegaskan Kembali Arti Pentingnya.” Yogyakarta, 2005. Last modified 2005. Accessed June 3, 2022. http://e-pushamuii.org/files.php?type=pdf&id=41.

Khairandy, Ridwan. Corporate Social Responsibility: Dari Shareholder Ke Stakeholder, Dan Dari Etika Bisnis Ke Norma Hukum, Makalah Workshop Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan, Kerjasama PUSHAM UII Dan Norwegian Center for Human Rights. Yogyakarta, 2008.

Kharisma, Bayu, and Rudi Kurniawan. “Aspek Hukum Dan Ekonomi Dalam Penetapan Batas Luas Penggunaan Lahan Untuk Usaha Perkebunan Sawit Yang Selaras Dengan Asas Efisiensi Dan Berkeadilan Dalam Mewujudkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat.” Jurnal Media Trend 13, no. 1 (2018): 1–30.

Komnas HAM. Kertas Posisi 2017 - 2018 Percepatan Penyelesaian Konflik Agraria Dalam Kerangka Reforma Agraria Dengan Bebasis HAM. Edited by Imelda Saragih, Agus Suntoro, Dyah Nan Sulistyaningsih, Avokanti Nur Arimurti, Muhammad Unggul, and Usep Setiawan. Jakarta: Komnas HAM, 2018.

———. Tanggungjawab Sosial Perusahaan Berdimensi HAM. Book. Jakarta: Komnas HAM, 2013. Accessed June 3, 2022. https://www.komnasham.go.id/index.php/publikasi/2013/11/21/23/tanggungjawab-sosial-perusahaan-berdimensi-ham.html.

Komnas HAM dan Elsam. “Rencana Aksi Nasional Bisnis Dan Hak Asasi Manusia.” Jakarta, 2017. Last modified 2017. Accessed June 4, 2022. https://www.komnasham.go.id/files/20180214-rencana-aksi-nasional-bisnis-dan-$DH79.pdf.

Kompas. “Lahan Sawit Rawan Konflik.” Last modified 2012. Accessed June 4, 2022. https://regional.kompas.com/read/2012/01/26/02573445/Lahan.Sawit.Rawan.Konflik.

Konsil LSM Indonesia. “Prinsip-Prinsip Panduan Untuk Bisnis Dan Hak Asasi Manusia: Kerangka Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa ‘Perlindungan, Penghormatan¸ Dan Pemulihan.’” Jakarta: Konsil LSM Indonesia, 2018. Last modified 2018. Accessed June 4, 2022. https://konsillsm.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Buku-Saku-Panduan-UNGP-Bisnis-dan-HAM-2018.pdf.

LeBaron, Genevieve, Remi Edwards, Tom Hunt, Charline Sempéré, and Penelope Kyritsis. “The Ineffectiveness of CSR: Understanding Garment Company Commitments to Living Wages in Global Supply Chains.” New Political Economy. Last modified 2021. Accessed June 9, 2022. https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/173542/17/The Ineffectiveness of CSR Understanding Garment Company Commitments to Living Wages in Global Supply Chains.pdf.

LIPI. “Paradigma Ilmu Pengetahuan Dan Penelitian Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora Di Indonesia.” Edited by Ignas Kleden and Taufik Abdullah. Jakarta: LIPI Press, 2017. Last modified 2017. Accessed June 3, 2022. http://www.penerbit.lipi.go.id/data/naskah1504513752.pdf.

Macaulay, Steward, Lawrence M. Friedman, and John Stookey, eds. “Law & Society: Readings on the Social Study of Law.” New York - London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1995.

Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia. Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi 53/PUU-VI/2008 Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia 1–115 (2008).

Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group, 2005.

Massarani, Tarek F., Margo Tatgenhorst Drakos, and Joanna Pajkowska. “Extracting Corporate Responsibility: Towards a Human Rights Impact Assessment.” Cornell International Law Journal. Last modified 2007. Accessed June 3, 2022. https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1678&context=cilj.

McInerney, Thomas. “Putting Regulation before Responsibility: Towards Binding Norms of Corporate Social Responsibility.” Cornell International Law Journal. Last modified 2007. Accessed June 4, 2022. https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1679&context=cilj.

MD, Moh. Mahfud. Demokrasi Dan Konstitusi Di Indonesia: Studi Tentang Interaksi Politik Dan Kehidupan Ketatanegaraan. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2003.

Mulyana, Asep. Bisnis Dan HAM: Menurunkan Prinsip Menjadi Praktik. Depok, 2014.

———. “Mengintegrasikan HAM Ke Dalam Kebijakan Dan Praktik Perusahaan.” Jurnal HAM. Last modified 2012. Accessed June 4, 2022. https://jurnalham.komnasham.go.id/index.php/jurnalasasi/article/viewFile/77/71.

Muttaqien, Andi, Nurhanuddin Ahmad, and Wahyu Wagiman. “Undang-Undang Perkebunan: Wajah Baru Agrarische Wet.” Edited by Wahyu Wagiman and Widiyanto. Jakarta: Elsam-Sawit Watch-Pilnet, 2012. Last modified 2012. Accessed June 4, 2022. https://www.yumpu.com/id/document/read/38669671/wajah-baru-agrarische-wetpdf-elsam.

Nations, United. “Deklarasi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB) Nomor 61/295.” United Nations (UN), 2007. Last modified 2007. Accessed June 3, 2022. http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/UNDRIP_Bahasa_Indonesian.doc.

———. “The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights.” Corporate Social Responsibility, Human Rights, and the Law. New York and Geneva: United Nations (UN), 2011. Last modified 2011. Accessed June 4, 2022. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/publications/guidingprinciplesbusinesshr_en.pdf.

———. “UN Code of Conduct for Transnational Corporations.” New York, 1987. Last modified 1987. Accessed June 9, 2022. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/156251/files/E_RES_1987_57-EN.pdf.

Nugroho, Okky Chahyo. “Konflik Agraria Di Maluku Ditinjau Dari Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia.” Jurnal HAM. Last modified 2018. Accessed June 4, 2022. https://ejournal.balitbangham.go.id/index.php/ham/article/download/478/pdf.

Nye, Joseph S, and Robert O Keohane. “Transnational Relations and World Politics: An Introduction.” International Organization. University of Wisconsin Press, 1971. Last modified 1971. Accessed June 27, 2022. https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/364783/mod_resource/content/1/keohane-nye_1971.pdf.

OECD. “The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises.” The Corporate Responsibility Code Book [2nd Edn]. OECD Publishing, 2013. Last modified 2013. Accessed June 9, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264115415-en.

Organization, International Labour. “ILO Tripartite Declaration of Principles Concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy.” International Legal Materials. Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2017. Last modified 2017. Accessed June 9, 2022. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/---multi/documents/publication/wcms_094386.pdf.

PBB, Majelis Umum. “Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia.” Majelis Umum PBB, 1948. Last modified 1948. Accessed June 27, 2022. https://www.komnasham.go.id/files/1475231326-deklarasi-universal-hak-asasi--$R48R63.pdf.

Peluso, Nancy Lee. Rich Forests, Poor People Resource Control and Resistance in Java. London: University of California Press, 1992. Accessed June 3, 2022. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520915534/html.

Pertanian, Kementerian. Statistik Perkebunan Unggulan Nasional 2019-2021. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan, Kementerian Pertanian, 2020.

Polanyi, Karl. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston: Beacon Press, 2001. https://inctpped.ie.ufrj.br/spiderweb/pdf_4/Great_Transformation.pdf.

Pradityo, Randy. “Politik Hukum Pengelolaan Perkebunan Berbasis Prinsip-Prinsip Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM).” Jurnal Bhumi. Last modified 2016. Accessed June 13, 2022. https://doi.org/10.31292/jb.v2i1.229.

Prasetyo, Teguh, Kadarwati Budihardjo, and Purwadi. Hukum Dan Undang-Undang Perkebunan. Bandung: Nusa Media, 2013.

Purba, Jan Horas V, and Tungkot Sipayung. “Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Indonesia Dalam Perspektif Pembangunan Berkelanjutan.” Jurnal Masyarakat Indonesia 43, no. 1 (2017): 81–94.

Rachman, Noer Fauzi. “Rantai Penjelas Konflik-Konflik Agraria Yang Kronis, Sistemik, Dan Meluas Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Bhumi. Last modified 2013. Accessed June 4, 2022. https://jurnalbhumi.stpn.ac.id/index.php/JB/article/view/148/135.

Rahardjo, Satjipto. Hukum Dan Perubahan Sosial: Suatu Tinjauan Teoritis Serta Pengalaman-Pengalaman Di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Genta Publishing, 2009.

Rasad, Fauziah. “Korupsi Dan Hak Asasi Manusia Dalam Sektor Kehutanan.” Jurnal HAM 9, no. 2 (2018): 121–138. https://ejournal.balitbangham.go.id/index.php/ham/article/download/520/pdf_1.

Ratner, Steven R. “Corporations and Human Rights: A Theory of Legal Responsibility.” Yale Law Journal 111, no. 443 (2001): 443–545.

Ruggie, John Gerard. “Business and Human Rights: The Evolving International Agenda.” Cambridge, 2007. Last modified 2007. Accessed June 4, 2022. http://www.hks.harvard.edu/m-rcbg/CSRI/.

———. “Just Business: Multinational Corporations and Human Rights.” New York - London: W.W. Norton & Company, 2013. Last modified 2013. Accessed June 9, 2022. https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4424946/mod_resource/content/1/Ruggie - Just Business.pdf.

———. “Multinationals as Global Institution: Power, Authority and Relative Autonomy.” Wiley Online Library, 2018. Last modified 2018. Accessed June 13, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12154.

———. “Promotion of All Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Including the Right to Development.” Geneva, Switzerland: OHCHR, 2009. Last modified 2009. Accessed June 4, 2022. https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/11session/a.hrc.11.13.pdf.

Sandang, Yesaya. “Pengarusutamaan Prinsip-Prinsip Bisnis Dan Hak Asasi Manusia Bagi Sektor Pariwisata Di Indonesia.” Jurnal HAM 10, no. 1 (2019): 1.

Sefriani, and Sri Wartini. “Corporate Social Responsibility Dan Tanggung Jawab Negara Terhadap Hak Ekonomi, Sosial, Dan Budaya Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Yustisia 4, no. 2 (2015): 269–291.

Shabia, Gusti Nur Asla. “Konflik Agraria Dan Hak Atas Pangan.” Juli 2021. Jakarta, 2021. Last modified 2021. Accessed June 4, 2022. http://fian-indonesia.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Infobrief_Konflik-Agraria-dan-Hak-Atas-Pangan.pdf.

Simatupang, Landung. Hutan Kaya Rakyat Melarat: Penguasaan Sumberdaya Dan Perlawanan Di Jawa. Jakarta: Konphalindo, 2006.

Smith, Rhona K.M., Njäl Høstmælingen, Christian Ranheim, Satya Arinanto, Fajrul Falaakh, Enny Soeprapto, Ifdhal Kasim, et al. “Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia.” Evolusi Pemikiran Dan Sejarah Perkembangan Hak Asasi Manusia. Yogyakarta: Pusham UII, 2008.

Soemitro, Ronny Hanitijo. Metode Penelitian Hukum Dan Jurimetri. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia, 1990.

Sujatmoko, Andrey. “Sejarah, Teori, Prinsip Dan Kontroversi HAM.” Yogyakarta, 2009. Last modified 2009. Accessed June 3, 2022. http://e-pushamuii.org/files.php?type=pdf&id=278.

Sulistyanto, Joko. “Hak Asasi Manusia Di Negara Pancasila: Suatu Tinjauan Yuridis Normatif Tentang Sejarah Hak Asasi Manusia Dalam Hubungannya Dengan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945.” Universitas Indonesia, 1997.

Suntoro, Agus. “Pendekatan HAM Dalam Penyelesaian Konflik Dengan Korporasi Pertambangan Dan Migas.” Journal HAM. Last modified 2012. Accessed June 4, 2022. https://jurnalham.komnasham.go.id/index.php/jurnalasasi/article/download/107/101.

———. “Tinjauan Hak Asasi Manusia Terhadap Regulasi Pengadaan Tanah Bagi Kepentingan Umum.” Jurnal HAM.

Sutrisno, Endang. Bunga Rampai Hukum & Globalisasi. Yogyakarta: Genta Press, 2007.

Syafi’ie, M., and Nova Umiyati. “To Fulfill and To Protect: Membaca Kasus-Kasus Aktual Tentang Hak Asasi Manusia.” Edited by M. Syafi’ie and Nova Umiyati. Yogyakarta: Pusham UII, 2012. Last modified 2012. Accessed June 27, 2022. e-pushamuii.org/files.php?type=pdf&id=262.

Viviansari, Disca Betty. “Tanggung Jawab Negara Terhadap Hak Atas Pendidikan Anak Buruh Migran Indonesia Di Malaysia.” Jurnal HAM 10, no. 3 (2019): 179–194.

W., Syahrial M. “Seri Bahan Bacaan Kursus HAM Untuk Pengacara XI Tahun 2007.” Lembaga Studi Dan Advokasi Masyarakat. Jakarta: Elsam, 2007. Last modified 2007. Accessed June 4, 2022. https://referensi.elsam.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Kovenan-Hak-Hak-Ekonomi-Sosial-dan-Budaya.pdf.

Waagstein, Patricia Rinwigati. “Korporasi Sebagai Pengemban Kewajiban HAM: Suatu Pencarian Legitimasi Dalam Hukum Internasional.” Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan. Last modified 2010. Accessed June 13, 2022. http://jhp.ui.ac.id/index.php/home/article/download/221/156.

Wajdi, Farid, and Imran. “Pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia Dan Tanggung Jawab Negara Terhadap Korban.” Jurnal Yudisial 14, no. 2 (2021): 229–246.

Waluyo, Bambang. Penelitian Hukum Dalam Praktek. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 1996.

Warman, Kurnia. Hukum Agraria Dalam Masyarakat Majemuk: Dinamika Interaksi Hukum Adat Dan Hukum Negara Di Sumatera Barat. Jakarta: Huma, 2010.

Weissbrodt, David. “Materials on Non-state actors (Including Bussiness) and Human Rights.” Human Rights Library - University of Minnesota Law School. Last modified 2005. Accessed June 9, 2022. http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/intlhr/chapter20.html.

Wettstein, Florian. “CSR and the Debate on Business and Human Rights: Bridging the Great Divide.” Business Ethics Quarterly.

———. “The History of ‘Business and Human Rights’ and Its Relationship with Corporate Social Responsibility.” Research Handbook on Human Rights and Business. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2020. Last modified 2020. Accessed June 9, 2022. https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781786436399/9781786436399.00007.xml.

Wiratraman, R. Herlambang Perdana. “Konstitusionalisme & Hak Asasi Manusia: Konsepsi Tanggung Jawab Negara Dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia.” Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Yuridika 20, no. I (2005): 1–17.

Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 Tentang Hak Asasi Manusia. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 Tentang Hak Asasi Manusia. Jakarta: Komnas HAM, 1999. https://www.komnasham.go.id/files/1475231474-uu-nomor-39-tahun-1999-tentang-$H9FVDS.pdf.

Article Metric

Abstract this article has been read : 1967 times
PDF (Bahasa Indonesia) file viewed/downloaded : 2007 times

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30641/ham.2022.13.305-332