Export Restrictions of Indonesian Nickel Ore Based on the Perspective of Quantitative Restriction Principles in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

Doan Mauli Tua Siahaan; Ibrahim Sagio; Evi Purwanti

doi:10.30641/dejure.2021.V21.409-418

Export Restrictions of Indonesian Nickel Ore Based on the Perspective of Quantitative Restriction Principles in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

Doan Mauli Tua Siahaan, Ibrahim Sagio, Evi Purwanti

Abstract

This study aims to determine whether Indonesia’s nickel ore export restriction policy is in accordance with the principles of international economic law. It is because Indonesia’s actions in implementing quantitative restrictions on the export of nickel ore are deemed to have violated one of the principles in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, namely the principle of prohibiting quantitative restrictions. This principle is contained in Article XI: 1 GATT. Data was collected through library research techniques. Namely by collecting and analyzing writings and literatures that are closely related to the problems that are being researched by the author, and analyzing data with descriptive analytical techniques, so that Indonesia can analyze their export restriction policies with juridical provisions in international trade law. The results shows that Indonesia’s action is in accordance with Article XI: 2 (a), which regulates the exception to Article XI: 1, with certain conditions which is a dispensation from the principle of quantitative restriction. Indonesia’s nickel ore export restrictions were also implemented to protect the environment in order to prevent scarcity and to encourage the battery industry in Indonesia to improve the economy. So that Indonesian policy is valid and can be justified by international law.

Keywords

GATT; quantitative restrictions; nickel ore; nickel export

Full Text:

PDF

References

AlModarra, Bader Bakhit. “Defining the Contours of the Public Morals Exception under Article XX of the GATT 1994.” Estey Journal of International Law and Trade Policy 18, no. 2 (2017).

CNN Indonesia. “ESDM Taksir Cadangan Nikel RI Hanya Tahan 10 Tahun Lagi.” CNN Indonesia. Last modified 2019. Accessed April 22, 2021. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20191002185300-85-436200/esdm-taksir-cadangan-nikel-ri-hanya-tahan-10-tahun-lagi.

Gagliani, Gabriele. “Interpreting and Applying Article Xx(F) of the Gatt 1994: ‘National Treasures’ in International Trade Law.” Santander Art and Culture Law Review 5, no. 2 (2019).

Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral. “Ini Enam Pokok Point Penting PP Nomor 1 Tahun 2017.” Kementerian Energi Dan Sumber Daya Mineral. Last modified 2017. Accessed May 20, 2021. https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/ini-enam-pokok-point-penting-pp-nomor-1-tahun-2017.

Marceau, Gabrielle, and Julia Kuelzow. “Jurisprudence on The Scope and Meaning of The Obligation Under GATT Article XI (Quantitative Restriction) and Justification.” Last modified 2018. wto.org/english/tratop_e/markacc_e/03_gabrielle_marceau_and_julia_kuelzow.pdf.

Maryani, Halimatul, and Adawiyah Nasution. “Aspek Hukum Kebijakan Pemerintah Melindungi Industri Dalam Negeri Pasca Kesepakatan Perdagangan Regional Afta-China.” Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure 19, no. 2 (2019): 137–149.

Matsushita, Mitsuo, Diane Desierto, Patrick Wieland, Glamis Gold, Petros C Mavroidis, Claus D Zimmermann, and Melissa Blue Sky. “Export Control Of Natural Resources: Wto Panel Ruling On The Chinese Export Restrictions Of Natural Resources.” Trade, Law and Development (2011).

Muhammad Choirul Anwar. “Uni Eropa Gugat Pembatasan Ekspor Nikel, Begini Penjelasan RI.” CNBC Indonesia. Last modified 2020. Accessed April 20, 2021. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/market/20200108101304-17-128461/uni-eropa-gugat-pembatasan-ekspor-nikel-begini-penjelasan-ri.

Pangestu, Yudha Aji, Bernard Sipahutar, and Budi Ardianto. “Harmonisasi Prinsip Perdagangan Internasional Pada GATTdalam Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perdagangan.” Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law 2, no. 1 (2021): 81–105. https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/Utipossidetis/article/view/10352/10760.

Pasaribu, Nicholas Parsintaan, A Syahmin, and Akhmad Idris. “Tinjauan Yuridis Sengketa Ekspor Bijih Nikel Indonesia Terhadap Uni Eropa Ditinjau Dari Perspektif Hukum Perdagangan Internasional.".” Universitas Sriwijaya, 2020.

Pribadi, Agung. “Bijih Nikel Tidak Boleh Diekspor Lagi per Januari 2020.” Kementerian Energi Dan Sumber Daya Mineral. Last modified 2020. Accessed May 5, 2021. https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/bijih-nikel-tidak-boleh-diekspor-lagi-per-januari-2020#:~:text=Bijih Nikel Tidak Boleh Diekspor Lagi per Januari 2020,-Senin%2C 2 September&text=Terhitung mulai 1 Januari 2020,tidak lagi diperbolehkan un.

Rahadian, R. I., and M. R. Ibadi. “Dampak Percepatan Larangan Ekspor Nikel Terhadap Penerimaan Pnbp Dan Perekonomian Nasional.” Jurnal AKURASI, 3, no. 1 (2021): 91–115.

Sutiarnoto. Hukum Penyelesaian Sengketa Perdagangan Internasional. Medan: USU Press, 2016.

Wibowo, S E. “Memahami Makna Pasal 33 Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 Perihal Penguasaan Oleh Negara.” Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia 12, no. 4 (2015): 1–57.

Wu, M. “Export Restrictions.” In Handbook of Deep Trade Agreements, edited by Aaditya Mattoo, Nadia Rocha, and Michele Ruta, 87–110. Washington: 0 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, 2020.

Article Metric

Abstract this article has been read : 3112 times
PDF file viewed/downloaded : 3388 times

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2021.V21.409-418